Body Organs

The Hand contains a total of 27 bones and is the most flexible part of the human skeleton. Like other higher primates, humans possess nails instead of claws and have a thumb that can be rotated to oppose the other digits, enabling them to manipulate objects delicately and precisely. Higher primates other than humans, however, also use hands for locomotion; the development of an upright posture and consequent use of the hands for manipulation alone probably took place concurrently with the increase in brain size in humans. Shown here are some of the major muscle and tendon systems for moving the bones of the thumb and other digits. The human foot differs from the feet of other higher primates in that it is used solely for locomotion, so that the big toe is no longer opposable to the other digits as it is in the great apes. Instead the bones of the feet have evolved in a way that enables humans to stride, and toes other than the big toe begin to show signs of degeneration. The heel bo...

Male and female human reproductive system develop from a similar set of embryological structures and many structural and functional parallels exist. Individual difference occur in the shape and structure of genitals, but without interfering with reproductive or sexual function. Also, the sexual anatomy of a young child differs from that of a mature adult, and in turn, adult sexual anatomy alters in the later years of life. Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system basically is designed to produce and transport sperm cells. At the same time, the male genitals play an obvious role in sexual behavior, because reproduction cannot take place unless sperm cells are deposited in the female reproductive system. The major organs of the male reproductive system are the testes (testicles), the prostate, the seminal vesicles, the vast deference, the epidermis, and the penis. Testes The testes, which are contained in a pouch of skin called the scrotum, are located outside of the ...

Hair are thin growths, that protrude like filaments from the skin of mammals. Different kinds of mammals range widely in their degree of harness. Some have dense growths called are only sparsely haired, such as elephants, and humans. A few mammals, such as the whale, are hairless except for a small number of bristles. Hair is now unique to mammals, although some lizards show hairlike growths, but it probably first appeared on extinct mammal-like reptile ancestors. Different kind of hair have different functions. Most obviously, the luxuriant furs of mammals in polar and temperate regions serve as body insulation. Insulating furs, often have two coats, a thicker underfur of fine hairs and a coarser cutter coat of guard hairs. More specialized hairs are also seen on many mammals, especially on the faces of carnivores and rodents . These hairs, called vibrissae, are surrounded at their base by sensory nerve fibers. They serve the animals as touch organs, helping them to measure their s...

Facial Muscles The muscles used in facial expression are unique in that they are attached to various parts of the facial skin. They surround and radiate from the vital orifice of the face; the mouth, nostrils, eyes and ears. Some muscles open these orifices write, others narrow or close them. Muscles of Mastication Four large muscles on each side move the jaw. The temporal (in the temple) and the masseter (on the side of the jaw) can be felt when a person bites forcibly. The other muscle help provide the motions needed for grinding food between the molars. Tongue, Swallowing, and Speech Muscles The tongue is almost all muscle, and it is capable of very precise, complicated, and elaborate movements. In eating, the tongue moves food around, in swallowing, it pushes food into the throat, and in taking, it articulates the sounds coming from the larynx. Once food enters the pharynx (the throat) it is moved down into the esophagus by waves of muscle contraction. Special sets of muscl...

Liver failure is the fail function of liver on the body. Liver failure is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology. There are two kind of liver failure that's common happen: Acute liver failure - the development of hepatic encephalophathy (confusion, stupor and coma) and decrease production of proteins (such as albumin and blood clotting perform proteins) within four weeks of the first sypmtoms (such as jaundice) of a liver problem. Hyperacute liver failure is said to be present if the interval is 7 days or less, while "subacute" liver failure is said to be present if the interval is 5-12 weeks. Chronic liver failure - usually occurs in the context of cirrhosis, itself potentially the result of many possible causes, such as excessive alcohol intake, hepatitis B or C, autoimmune, hereditary and metabolic causes (such as iron or copper overload, Steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)....

The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet have some sweat glands than any other part of body. Excessive hand sweating is the most common sweating problem, sweaty hands usually come along with sweaty feet. When sweaty hands and feet become a severe problem, they are called palmar hyperhidrosis and pedal hyperhidrosis respectively. This tend happen begin in early childhood and become worse after teenage years and early adulthood. The sweaty hands and feet are likely to develop cracking and scaling of the skin, blister, frostbite , warts and fungal infections . According to traditional Chinese medicine, the spleen system controls the muscles and the limbs, the four extremities must be nourished by the nutrient essence transformed and transported by the spleen. Several nervous system on the sole of foot as on the picture below:

Human kidneys are paired, reddish brown, bean shapped structures about 11 cm (4.4 in) long and function as excretory system . They are located in back of the body cavity, one on each side of the spine just above the waist. The kidneys are loosely held in place by a mass of fat and by fibrous tissue. The outer margin is convex, the inner border concave. On the inner surface is a slit, the hilus, through which pass the arteries, veins, nerves and the renal pelvis, a funnellike structure. Urine from each kidney is collected in the renal pelvis and passes into the hollow tube, the ureter, which extends downward, emptying into the urinary bladder. A shorter, single tube, the urethra, eliminates urine the bladder. The cut surface of the kidney reveals two distinct areas; the cortex - a dark band along the outer border, about 1 cm (0.4 in) thickness, and the inner medulla. The medulla is divided into 8 to 18 conical tissues termed renal pyramids (cortical arches) and extends down ...