Body Organs

Hyoides region are located in depressors of the lower jaw. This region divide into 4 area: Digastric Mylo-hyoid Stylo-hyoid Genio-hyoid To dissect these muscles a block should be placed beneath the back of the neck and the head drawn backward and retained in that position. On the removal of the deep fascia the muscle are at once exposed. Digrastric consists of two fleshy bellies united by an intermediate, rounded tendon. It is a small muscle, situated below the side of the body of the lowe jaw, The posterior belly, longer than the anterior, arises from the digastric groove on the inner side of the mastoid process of the temporal bonde, and passes downward and backward. The stylo-hyoid is a samall, slender muscle, lying in front of, and above, the posterior belly of the Digastric. It arises from the back and outer surface of the styloid process, near the base, and passing downward and forward, is inserted into the body of the hyoid bone , just at its juction with the greater...

The endocrine system consists of specialized glands located in different parts of the body. These glands secrete chemical substances called Hormones, which transfer information from one set of cells to another. This enables the organism to adjust various activities of the body to the changing demands of the external and internal environment. The endocrine glands have no ducts connecting them to their target organs or tissues (they are hence often called the ductiles glands), and so they liberate hormones directly into the bloodstream . Mammalian endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid , parathyroid, thymus , pancreas , adrenal, testis, and ovary. Invertebrates posses few glands, and many of these are simply clusters of nerve cells. Arthropods have neurosecretory structures in the eyestalks, brain and ganglia that regulate reproduction, moiting, development, pigmentation, water balance, blood sugar level, and heart rate. The conventional ductless glands of arthr...

Brazil's City is famous for the highest crime. After the arms trade is quite rampant there started hard, criminal actors in Brazil turned into a profession kidnapping by asking a high compensation and theft targets were not half-hearted, executives and high-brokers did not even hesitate to kill and torture their target if you do not pay a ransom. To the extent that there is a special services company in negotiation between the families of kidnap victims. If it fails in the requested ransom is the possibility the victim was killed for organs sold. The prolonged U.S. invasion makes life bawdy on Iraqis. Poverty makes some Iraqis were forced to sell her organs for some money so they can survive. A citizen of Baghdad named Ali Hassnawi said, he did not bear to see his children cried from hunger while he did not have the money to just buy a piece of bread. Ali then met a friend who told me that he had sold one of his kidneys. Desperate needs, Ali and his wife decided to do the same ...

The apparatus of the Digestion of the Food consists of the alimentary canal and of certain accessory organs. The alimentary canal is a musculo membranous tube, about thirty feet in length excluding from the mouth to the anus, and lined throughout its entire extent by mucous membrane. It has received different names in the various parts of its course: at its commencement, the mouth, we find provision made of the mechanical division of the food (insalivations), and for its admixture with a fluid secreted by the salivary glands (insalivations); beyond this are the organs of deglutition, the pharynx and the esophagus, which convey the food into that part of the alimentary canal (the atomach) in which the principal chemical changes occur, and in which the reduction and solution of the food take place; in the small intestines the nutritive principles of the food (the chyle) are separated, by its admixture with the bile, pancreatic and intestinal fluids, from that portion which passes into...

The liver, an organ found in all vertebrates, is the largest organ in the human body. It is a spongy, reddish brown glands that lies just below the diaphragm in the abdominal cavity. It serves to metabolize carbohydrates and store them as glycogen, metabolize Lipids (facts, including cholesterol and certain vitamins) and proteins, manufacture a digestive fluid, bile; filter impurities and toxic and destroy old, worn-out red blood cells. Two large lobes, the right and the left, make up most of the liver; attached to the right lobe are the smaller quadrate and caudate lobes. The lobes are made up of lobules, six sided cells arranged in sheets one cell thick that are closely arrange around in sheets one cell thick, that are closely arranged around blood vessels, blue ducts, lymph vessel and nerves. Certain reticuloen dothelial cells (Kupffer cells) line these lobules and play a role in immunity. Approximately three sides of each cell are in contact with a blood vessel, and three are adjec...

The pelvis, so called from its resemblance to a basin ( L. pelvis ), is stronger and more massively constructed that either the cranial or thoracic cavity; it is a bony ring, interposed between the lower end of the spine, which it supports, and the lower extremities, upon which it rests. It is composed of four bones; the two ossa innominata , which bound it on either side and in front, and the sacrum and coccyx, which complete it behind. The pelvis is divided by an oblique plane passing through the prominence of the sacrum, the linea illio-pectinea, and the upper margin of the symphysis pubis into the false and true pelvis. The false pelvis is the expanded portion of the pelvic cavity which is situated above this plane. It is bounded on each side by the ossa ilii; in front it is imcomplete, preventing a wide interval between the spinous processes of the illia on either side, which is filled up in the recent state by the parities of the abdomen; behind, in the middle line, is a dee...

The uterus, or womb, is quite an amazing organ. Pear-shaped in appearance, and testing on its small end (the cervix) in the center of a woman’s pelvis, it houses and protects a fetus from implantation until birth. As the fetus grows during pregnancy , the uterus expands tremendously – from the size of a fist into a huge, muscular bag filling the woman’s entire abdomen. That bag can hold not only a full term baby, but a quart of fluid and a one-pound placenta besides. The Menstrual Cycle Every month, if the woman is not already pregnant, the inner lining of the uterus (the endometrium) goes through a process of renewal and preparation known as the menstrual cycle. Basically, the menstrual cycle is the way the woman’s uterus prepares to receive and nourish a fertilized ovum. The inner lining of the uterus thickens and grows, and the structure of its blood vessels changes. If an ovum does become fertilized that month and implants in the uterine lining, the uterus keeps its lining to no...