Body Organs

Thymus of Human Organ The thymus is a vascular organ of the lymphatic system situated just behind the breastbone. The human thymus continuous to grow for about a year after birth, reaching a weight of about 42 g; this size is maintained until puberty. After puberty the lymphatic tissue is replaced by fat, but the thymus remains functional throughout life. Thymus The main function of thymus is to process lymphocytes received from the blood producing bone marrow and fetal liver. These cells proliferate and differentiate in the thymus into thymic lymphoid cells called T cells, each one programmed for the number of antigens to which it will react. In humans the cellular immune system requires the presence of the thymus at birth; this system allows the body to recognize foreign, that is “non self” tissue and to attack malignant cells, viral infection, fungal infection, and some bacteria. Little is known of the factors and processes of thymic function. The importance of the thymu...

Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland and Endocrine Gland The thyroid, and endocrine gland, synthesizes stores and secretes two hormones, thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), that are chemically related and important to human growth and metabolism. Located below the larynx (voice box), the thyroid’s two lobes occurs on either side of the wind-pipe, connected by an isthmus (band of tissue). The gland is composed of many hollow sacs (follicles) filled with colloid (a gelatin material), which contains thyroglobulin, the storage form of the hormones. Essential to the synthesis of the hormones is inorganic iodide, which diffuses from citonin of calcitonin, acts against excessive levels of calcium in the blood and against the effects of parathyroid hormone on bone resorption. Thyroid hormone secretion is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin, from the anterior pituitary. In turn the resultant increase in the level of thyroid hormones in the b...

Human Kidney and Function of Kidney Kidney is a human organ  like kidney beans shaped. In humans, kidney size, which is a length of 10 to 12 cm, width 5-6 cm, and thick, 3-4 cm, weighing about 140 grams. In cross kidneys, visible parts are different. The sections are from outside into the cortex, medulla, and pelvis. In the renal cortex and medulla there are about 1 million nephrons. Nephron is the structural and functional unit of the smallest of the kidney. Nephron serves as a screening tool. Human Organ Nephron is shaped like a large worm-headed eagle with a body like the winding. At the head there is a fine mesh that can only be bypassed by certain substances. Blood cells and blood proteins can not pass through this filter because it was bigger. The composition of the nephron consists of the following sections. 1) Malpighian Body, which includes Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. 2) convoluted tubules including proximal tubules, Henle, and distal tubules. Some tu...

In vertebrates nose have function to expel air for respiration in conjunction with mouth. As like human, behind nose are olfactory mucosa and sinuses . Behind the nasal cavity, air will passes through pharynx, shared with digestive system, then air into the rest of respiratory system. As like in human vertebrates’ nose also have similar function like inhale air from the atmosphere and take oxygen after passes the lung then release carbon dioxide. In vertebrates nose also have inner hairs whose functions to stop unwanted particles from entering the lungs . In wet nose like dogs is useful for the perception of direction. Sensitive to cold receptors in the skin detect the place where the nose is cooled the most and this is the direction a particular smell that the animal just picked up comes from. The sensitive of smell on Dog nose is better than other normal animals. Different in reptiles, nose have function to sense of heat that can predict the distance of other animal. The nasa...

Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the bladder; a balloon shape organ located in the pelvis that deviate urine. Most of these cancers start in the cells that line inside of the bladder. This cancer usually attacks adults, although all age groups have the same opportunities. Generally, the cancer is diagnosed at an early stage of development, where the cancer is still treatable. SYMPTOMS Bladder cancer has the following symptoms: There is blood in the urine (hematuria) or urine may be normal, but blood can be detected by microscopic examination . Frequent urination Pain during urination Infection of the urinary tract Pain in the stomach area Backache Causes; Risk Factors It is unclear what causes bladder cancer. Bladder cancer has been linked to smoking, parasitic infections, radiation and exposed to chemical substances. Bladder cancer occurs due to mutations in cells. This mutation causes cells to grow out of control and then live while the other cells...

Excretion is the process of spending one substance from the body. Excretion is the process of spending the rest of metabolism like urine, sweat, and breathing. There are 4 tools excretion in humans, kidneys, skin, liver, and lungs. Kidneys secrete urine, skin secretes sweat, heart secretes bile together with urine, and the lungs remove carbon dioxide and water vapor. Kidney Kidney is one excretion organ in humans are located in the rear of the abdominal cavity , the right of the left pubic bone . Kidney consists of three layers. Outer part called the cortex (kidney skin), underneath there modularly (marrow kidney) , and on the inside a cavity called the renal pelvis (kidney cavity). Kidney function associated with renal excretion system is to filter the blood and excreted in the form of urine. There are three stages the formation of urine filtration (blood filtering), reabsorption (reabsorption of useful substances in the urine), and augmentation (urine collection). Urine from the k...

The changes of people posture as the adding of ages, bones desity can be lost, and spinal vertebrae can be compressed, make the trunk look shorter or curved. The growing of bone can make the bone stiffer and less of flexibility. Beside the bone characteristic, muscles can less dense, make the arms and legs look thinner. Exercise to the body can help to slow down this growing or prevent bone and muscle loss, and good nutrition, including help seniors to maintain the strength and good health. Cells are the basic building blocks of tissue and with aging, cells grow larger and less able to reproduce. This condition can cause connection tissue among bones, blood, and lymph become more stiff, which can make blood vessels and organ rigid. Epithelial tissue (skin) loses fat, and can become thinner and more susceptible to injure.

Increased awareness of thyroid disorders to be one topic of Asia Oceania Thyroid Association (AOTA) Congress in Bali, on Monday (22/10). Congress which takes place October 22 to 24 followed by endocrinologists from Asia-Pacific countries, including Japan and Australia, it also examines the progress of treatment of thyroid disorders. In a press conference, Chairman of the Congress of AOTA Johan S Masjhur said the symptoms of thyroid disorder is often not recognized. Therefore, tend to be ignored by the public. In fact, examination of thyroid abnormalities can be performed in a general practitioner. Thyroid disorders can distinguish between dysfunction and deformity. Excess thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism), or deficiency of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) including dysfunction. The visible deformity is the enlarged gland. Generally thyroid disorder is characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, known to laymen with mumps. The main symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as, wei...

If we read about fossil, we can understand that many part of fossil organ are missing beside the skeleton . This is normal because other parts are spoil by the time, just left the skeleton because this part can change into natural mineral such as limestone. Not all the fossils can observe their skeleton completely, some of them just can see the former marks. Homo erectus an extinct species of early humans, were first discovered by the Ductch physician Eugene Dubois on the Island of Java, Indonesia. Dubois named the creature Pithecanthropus erectus, meaning "erect ape man," because he considered the fossils to represent the missing link between the apes and humans. Later, its name was changed to Homo erectus, in recognition of its unmistakable humanlike physical features and its evolutionany proximity to Homo sapiens; the species of modern humans. From the fossil they are founded, they can learn more about the changes of human body in the different era.

In the nervous system the normal activities are controlled by our brain, but like other activity, on our body also provide a system with sometime by pass that normal condition. This condition named by reflex system that can work faster than normal nerve system work. One of the more interesting and important features of the spinal cord is that even when it is separate from the brain. It can control fundamental integrative functions known as reflexes. A reflex can be considered schematically in terms of a sensory (receptor or afferent) cell that excites an interneuron, which in turn excites a motor (efferent) neuron. A variable lapse between the stimulus and the response reflects the time necessary to process the signal carried by the reflex afferent nerves. The strength of the response corresponds to a summation through time as well as over the different pathways. The response to a standard signal is removed the response may continue for a certain period of time. Different reflexes w...

The intestine is the part of the digestive system in vertebrates, that extends from the stomach to the anus and is divided into distinctive sections for handling the process of digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of waste. In the adult human the intestine is divided into the small and large intestines. The small intestine is a tightly coiled, hollow tube about 5 m (16.4 ft) in length and made up of the duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum, in that order. The large intestines, which is also a coiled tube, is joined to the ileum at a region called the cecum, is about 1.5 m (5 ft) in length, and consist of the colon and rectum. The length and internal features of intestines are adaptations that provide extensive surface areas for efficiently digesting foods and absorbing the products. Small Intestines The duodenum in mammals is notable for its role in the Endocrine system because it produces such hormones as the following: cholecystokinin, which causes the Gallbladder t...

Mouth and Esophagus are part of the digestion of food. Normally all the animals and humans eat the food through this digestive tract. Why expensive food is just feel by the tongue alone, many people said. This is because we only have the sense of taste on the tongue. The process of determining the food is not just lip service, which detects only the delicious or not. The food we eat first will go into the mouth which then becomes smooth due to be chewed by the teeth and help saliva produced by salivary glands. Chewing is an important process, with the release of the enzyme ptyalin by mouth; the starch is converted into sugar. For example, try chewing a piece of bread for a while, it will turn into sweet. Saliva, which contains antibodies that attack bacteria, viruses and toxins that may be contained in the foods we eat. Tips and apps: Chewing food slowly and pulverized will help absorption and food processing. By wetting the food by saliva, digestive juices would ease along the...

The skull is part of the skeleton , houses and protect the brain and the major sense organs.Important features include the nasal passages, containing the turbinals, which are delicate scrolls of paper thin bone, the orbits or eye sockets, the teeth bearing maxilla, or upper jaw, and mandible, or lower jaw, the zygomatic, arches, or cheekbones, the auditory bulla (in mammals), housing the bones of the middle ear; the formen magnum, a large opening through which the brain connects with the spinal cord; and mainly minute passage for nerves and blood vessels. The deep skull bones that develop from cartilage are known as endochondrial bones, the superficial bones, including those of the face, develop directly from connective tissue membrane and are called dermal bones, or membrane bones. Most human skull bones are united, often across a wavy sufure, by connective fibrous tissue; a few are united by cartilage. Primitive land vertebrates had more than 50 paired skull bones, only 26 of...

The human skeletal system is composed of individual bones and cartilage that receive a supply of blood and are held together by fibrous connective tissue, ligamens, and tendons. The three main fuctions of the skeletal system are protection, motion, and support. The system protect the body by enclosing the vital organs, it permits locomotion by responding at certain joints to the contractile activities of skeletal muscles, and it supports the body by serving as a framework to which tendons and fascia are attached, enabling skeletal muscles as a depot for calcium, which is vital to proper functioning of cell membranes, and for phosporus, which is needed in intermediary metabolism. In addition, the skeletal system is important because bone produce blood cells. A birth the human body has about 275 bones, but as the body develops many of these bones fuse together. In the adult human the skeleton consist of 206 name bearing bones and a variable number of largely unnamed sesamoid bones. Ses...

The Hand contains a total of 27 bones and is the most flexible part of the human skeleton. Like other higher primates, humans possess nails instead of claws and have a thumb that can be rotated to oppose the other digits, enabling them to manipulate objects delicately and precisely. Higher primates other than humans, however, also use hands for locomotion; the development of an upright posture and consequent use of the hands for manipulation alone probably took place concurrently with the increase in brain size in humans. Shown here are some of the major muscle and tendon systems for moving the bones of the thumb and other digits. The human foot differs from the feet of other higher primates in that it is used solely for locomotion, so that the big toe is no longer opposable to the other digits as it is in the great apes. Instead the bones of the feet have evolved in a way that enables humans to stride, and toes other than the big toe begin to show signs of degeneration. The heel bo...

Male and female human reproductive system develop from a similar set of embryological structures and many structural and functional parallels exist. Individual difference occur in the shape and structure of genitals, but without interfering with reproductive or sexual function. Also, the sexual anatomy of a young child differs from that of a mature adult, and in turn, adult sexual anatomy alters in the later years of life. Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system basically is designed to produce and transport sperm cells. At the same time, the male genitals play an obvious role in sexual behavior, because reproduction cannot take place unless sperm cells are deposited in the female reproductive system. The major organs of the male reproductive system are the testes (testicles), the prostate, the seminal vesicles, the vast deference, the epidermis, and the penis. Testes The testes, which are contained in a pouch of skin called the scrotum, are located outside of the ...

Hair are thin growths, that protrude like filaments from the skin of mammals. Different kinds of mammals range widely in their degree of harness. Some have dense growths called are only sparsely haired, such as elephants, and humans. A few mammals, such as the whale, are hairless except for a small number of bristles. Hair is now unique to mammals, although some lizards show hairlike growths, but it probably first appeared on extinct mammal-like reptile ancestors. Different kind of hair have different functions. Most obviously, the luxuriant furs of mammals in polar and temperate regions serve as body insulation. Insulating furs, often have two coats, a thicker underfur of fine hairs and a coarser cutter coat of guard hairs. More specialized hairs are also seen on many mammals, especially on the faces of carnivores and rodents . These hairs, called vibrissae, are surrounded at their base by sensory nerve fibers. They serve the animals as touch organs, helping them to measure their s...

Facial Muscles The muscles used in facial expression are unique in that they are attached to various parts of the facial skin. They surround and radiate from the vital orifice of the face; the mouth, nostrils, eyes and ears. Some muscles open these orifices write, others narrow or close them. Muscles of Mastication Four large muscles on each side move the jaw. The temporal (in the temple) and the masseter (on the side of the jaw) can be felt when a person bites forcibly. The other muscle help provide the motions needed for grinding food between the molars. Tongue, Swallowing, and Speech Muscles The tongue is almost all muscle, and it is capable of very precise, complicated, and elaborate movements. In eating, the tongue moves food around, in swallowing, it pushes food into the throat, and in taking, it articulates the sounds coming from the larynx. Once food enters the pharynx (the throat) it is moved down into the esophagus by waves of muscle contraction. Special sets of muscl...

Liver failure is the fail function of liver on the body. Liver failure is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology. There are two kind of liver failure that's common happen: Acute liver failure - the development of hepatic encephalophathy (confusion, stupor and coma) and decrease production of proteins (such as albumin and blood clotting perform proteins) within four weeks of the first sypmtoms (such as jaundice) of a liver problem. Hyperacute liver failure is said to be present if the interval is 7 days or less, while "subacute" liver failure is said to be present if the interval is 5-12 weeks. Chronic liver failure - usually occurs in the context of cirrhosis, itself potentially the result of many possible causes, such as excessive alcohol intake, hepatitis B or C, autoimmune, hereditary and metabolic causes (such as iron or copper overload, Steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)....

The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet have some sweat glands than any other part of body. Excessive hand sweating is the most common sweating problem, sweaty hands usually come along with sweaty feet. When sweaty hands and feet become a severe problem, they are called palmar hyperhidrosis and pedal hyperhidrosis respectively. This tend happen begin in early childhood and become worse after teenage years and early adulthood. The sweaty hands and feet are likely to develop cracking and scaling of the skin, blister, frostbite , warts and fungal infections . According to traditional Chinese medicine, the spleen system controls the muscles and the limbs, the four extremities must be nourished by the nutrient essence transformed and transported by the spleen. Several nervous system on the sole of foot as on the picture below: